| Identity and Access Control |
People, restricted areas, digital accounts |
Uses credentials, badges, biometrics, role-based permissions, and multi-factor authentication to limit access to authorized users. |
Access attempts, user identity, time, location, permission level, and denied-entry events |
Reduces unauthorized entry and supports accountability. |
Permissions should be reviewed regularly, especially when staff roles change. |
| Video Surveillance |
Buildings, entrances, inventory, vehicles, and public areas |
Provides visual monitoring, recorded evidence, and configurable alerts for events such as motion, tampering, or entry into designated zones. |
Time-stamped video, motion events, camera status, and storage health |
Improves situational awareness and assists investigations. |
Camera placement, lighting, privacy controls, and retention periods affect effectiveness. |
| Intrusion Detection |
Perimeters, doors, windows, cabinets, and sensitive zones |
Detects unauthorized opening, movement, glass breakage, vibration, or tampering and sends alerts to designated responders. |
Sensor type, alarm time, affected zone, severity, and response status |
Supports earlier detection of physical security incidents. |
Poor sensor placement and unverified alarms can create nuisance alerts. |
| Fire and Life-Safety Detection |
Occupants, facilities, equipment, and records |
Detects smoke, heat, carbon monoxide, or manual emergency activation and initiates alarms and evacuation procedures. |
Detector status, alarm location, alarm type, and system fault condition |
Helps protect life and limits fire-related property damage. |
Testing, inspection, battery maintenance, and compliant evacuation plans are essential. |
| Cybersecurity Monitoring |
Networks, endpoints, applications, and sensitive information |
Monitors authentication, network activity, vulnerabilities, malware indicators, and abnormal behavior to support prevention and response. |
Login events, failed attempts, security alerts, patch status, and incident severity |
Protects data confidentiality, integrity, and availability. |
Digital security tools require secure configuration, updates, backups, and trained users. |
| Environmental Monitoring |
Server rooms, warehouses, laboratories, and critical equipment |
Tracks temperature, humidity, water leakage, power conditions, and air quality where environmental changes may cause damage. |
Current reading, threshold breach, duration, affected asset, and notification status |
Enables preventive action before equipment or materials are damaged. |
Thresholds must match the requirements of the protected equipment or materials. |
| Centralized Security Management |
Security operations, response teams, and multiple sites |
Combines alerts, video, access records, and incident workflows in one interface for faster assessment and coordinated response. |
Open incidents, alert priority, response owner, acknowledgement time, and resolution time |
Improves visibility and reduces fragmented security processes. |
System integration should use secure connections and clearly defined access permissions. |
| Audit Trails and Reporting |
Compliance records, investigations, and operational decisions |
Creates time-stamped records of access, alarms, configuration changes, responses, and other security-relevant activities. |
Event history, user activity, incident trends, response performance, and system availability |
Supports accountability, audits, and continuous improvement. |
Logs should be protected from unauthorized alteration and retained according to legal and operational needs. |
| Resilience and Backup |
Security availability, recorded evidence, and business operations |
Uses backup power, redundant storage, secure backups, recovery procedures, and failover arrangements to reduce disruption. |
Backup completion, storage capacity, recovery time, system uptime, and fault alerts |
Maintains protection and evidence availability during equipment failure or disruptive events. |
Recovery plans must be tested; backups should be protected against unauthorized access and ransomware. |